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Areas. Africa, Asia, Middle East, and within communities from these areas2Numbers. Over 2. 00 million women and girls in 2. African countries Indonesia Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen as of 2. Age. Days after birth to puberty4Prevalence. Female genital mutilation FGM, also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. The practice is found in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and within communities from countries in which FGM is common. Play PreCivilization 3 Marble Age From ArcadePrehacks. Build a greek civilisation from a small village to a great citystate where it will become legends Dragon Quest XI comes out today in Japan, and to celebrate, creator Yuji Horii announced plans to bring it to English as Dragon Quest XI Echoes Of An Elusive Age. Play Diggy 2 hacked and unblocked by RedAssedBaboon. Press the keys J Toggle Energy. InformationWeek. com News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peertopeer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. UNICEF estimated in 2. African countries, Indonesia, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemenhave undergone the procedures. Typically carried out by a traditional circumciser using a blade, FGM is conducted from days after birth to puberty and beyond. In half the countries for which national figures are available, most girls are cut before the age of five. Procedures differ according to the country or ethnic group. They include removal of the clitoral hood and clitoral glans removal of the inner labia and removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva. In this last procedure, known as infibulation, a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid the vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for childbirth. The practice is rooted in gender inequality, attempts to control womens sexuality, and ideas about purity, modesty and beauty. It is usually initiated and carried out by women, who see it as a source of honour, and who fear that failing to have their daughters and granddaughters cut will expose the girls to social exclusion. Health effects depend on the procedure. They can include recurrent infections, difficulty urinating and passing menstrual flow, chronic pain, the development of cysts, an inability to get pregnant, complications during childbirth, and fatal bleeding. There are no known health benefits. There have been international efforts since the 1. FGM, and it has been outlawed or restricted in most of the countries in which it occurs, although the laws are poorly enforced. Since 2. 01. 0 the United Nations has called upon healthcare providers to stop performing all forms of the procedure, including reinfibulation after childbirth and symbolic nicking of the clitoral hood. The opposition to the practice is not without its critics, particularly among anthropologists, who have raised difficult questions about cultural relativism and the universality of human rights. Terminology. Until the 1. FGM was widely known in English as female circumcision, implying an equivalence in severity with male circumcision. From 1. 92. 9 the Kenya Missionary Council referred to it as the sexual mutilation of women, following the lead of Marion Scott Stevenson, a Church of Scotland missionary. References to the practice as mutilation increased throughout the 1. In 1. 97. 5 Rose Oldfield Hayes, an American anthropologist, used the term female genital mutilation in the title of a paper in American Ethnologist,1. Fran Hosken, an Austrian American feminist writer, called it mutilation in her influential The Hosken Report Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females. Epac Controller Manual here. The Inter African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children began referring to it as female genital mutilation in 1. World Health Organization WHO followed suit in 1. Other English terms include female genital cutting FGC and female genital mutilationcutting FGMC, preferred by those who work with practitioners. In countries where FGM is common, the practices many variants are reflected in dozens of terms, often alluding to purification. In the Bambara language, spoken mostly in Mali, it is known as bolokoli washing your hands1. Igbo language in eastern Nigeria as isa aru or iwu aru having your bath. A common Arabic term for purification has the root t h r, used for male and female circumcision tahur and tahara. It is also known in Arabic as khaf or khifa. Communities may refer to FGM as pharaonic for infibulation and sunna circumcision for everything else. Sunna means path or way in Arabic and refers to the tradition of Muhammad, although none of the procedures are required within Islam. The term infibulation derives from fibula, Latin for claspthe Ancient Romans reportedly fastened clasps through the foreskins or labia of slaves to prevent sexual intercourse. The surgical infibulation of women came to be known as pharaonic circumcision in Sudan, but as Sudanese circumcision in Egypt. In Somalia it is known simply as qodob to sew up. Methods. The procedures are generally performed by a traditional circumciser cutter or exciseuse in the girls homes, with or without anaesthesia. The cutter is usually an older woman, but in communities where the male barber has assumed the role of health worker he will perform FGM too. When traditional cutters are involved, non sterile devices are likely to be used, including knives, razors, scissors, glass, sharpened rocks and fingernails. According to a nurse in Uganda, quoted in 2. The Lancet, a cutter would use one knife on up to 3. Health professionals are often involved in Egypt, Kenya, Indonesia and Sudan. In Egypt 7. 7 percent of FGM procedures, and in Indonesia over 5. Women in Egypt reported in 1. Classification. Variation. The WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA issued a joint statement in 1. FGM as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other non therapeutic reasons. The procedures vary considerably according to ethnicity and individual practitioners. During a 1. 99. 8 survey in Niger, women responded with over 5. Translation problems are compounded by the womens confusion over which type of FGM they experienced, or even whether they experienced it. Several studies have suggested that survey responses are unreliable. A 2. 00. 3 study in Ghana found that in 1. FGM, but in 2. 00. In Tanzania in 2. FGM, but a medical exam found that 7. In Sudan in 2. 00. UN typology. Standard questionnaires from United Nations bodies ask women whether they or their daughters have undergone the following 1 cut, no flesh removed pricking or symbolic circumcision 2 cut, some flesh removed 3 sewn closed or 4 type not determinedunsuredoesnt know. The most common procedures fall within the cut, some flesh removed category and involve complete or partial removal of the clitoral glans. WHO Types IIIThe World Health Organization created a more detailed typology. Types IIII vary in how much tissue is removed Type III is the UNICEF category sewn closed. Type IV describes miscellaneous procedures, including symbolic circumcision. Type 1 is partial or total removal of the clitoris andor the prepuce. Type Ia circumcision3. This is rarely performed alone. The more common procedure is Type Ib clitoridectomy, the complete or partial removal of the clitoral glans the visible tip of the clitoris and clitoral hood.